Journal Comparative Study between English and Arabic Conditional Clause (Analysis in Quranic Translation by Yusuf Ali)

Ahmad Al-Ghifari, Dr. Dadan Rusmana, M.Ag., and Prof. Dr. H. Agus Salim Mansyur, M.Pd.

E-mail: Aalghifari11@gmail.com

Abstract

Conditional defines a sentence that used to make presuppositions to the expectations, desires, plans, and others that might still happen, or suppositions contrary to the fact at this time, or a supposition that is not likely to happen. a clause that states the terms or supposition. It consisted of two classifications, protasis, and apodosis. Protasis is a clause that states the terms of supposition in sentence requirements (Kridalaksana 2008: 203), and apodosis is a clause that states the result in a sentence of requirements (2008: 18). This research analyzes the forms of conditionals in English and Arabic and analyzes the similarities and the differences of a conditional clause that divided into three categories: 1) Similar from the structure, 2) Different from positional relation, and 3) different from the meaning.

Key terms: Conditional clause, protasis, apodosis, similarities, and differences

1.      Introduction

A conditional sentence is a sentence that discusses the implications of factual or hypothetical situations and their consequences, which can be obtained from two kinds of relationships. They are hypothetical and imaginative conditional relationship. The hypothetical relationship in a proposition that the existence of a truth is revealed by a certain condition (mundiri, 2010: 69). While Haywood (1962: 290), describes al-jumlah as "sy-syarthiyyah a conditional sentence consist of a Protasis (syarath), which is a sentence that contains terms and apodosis (jawab of syarath), which reveals the main sentence that will result from such requirements.

This research is different from the previous studies before. The researcher will analyze the research specifically not only analyze by using إِنْ, لَوْ  and إِذَا in conditional Clause between English and Arabic but also the research will analyze the similarities and the differences by using a descriptive and a contrastive method that will be used in this research with a different objective than previous studies. Conditional sentences have been extensively noted as a difficult English area to acquire and few researchers have been able to state for certain why conditional sentences make L2 learners uncomfortable.

The first research was written by Sadam Haza' Al Rdaat and Sheena Gardner (2017). The title is “English Conditional Sentences were analyzed by Arab Students.” From the other perspective, a Syntactical, Dr. Mowafaq Mohhamad Momani and Abeer Muneer Altaher (2015) have analyzed “A Contrastive Analysis of English and Arabic”. In addition, Kharma and Hajjaj (1989), provided a wide Analysis of the errors and mistakes that Arab students of English make in conditional sentences.” These errors and mistakes are representative of the meaning and form of conditional sentences.

The writer found some problems with the verse which have to be understood, conditional clause. The main purposes of this research are to analyze the forms of the conditional clause in English and Arabic which is found in the context of Quranic Translation by Yusuf Ali, to analyze the similarities and the differences between English and Arabic Conditionals. The interesting reason that writer uses Al-Qur`an as the object of the research are to change the less of attention and understanding the readers towards the word uses in the Al-Qur`an, especially in the conditional clause. The source of data is taken from Quranic Translation by Yusuf Ali; it will be analyzed by using several theories according to the data.

A.       Construction of conditionals

A conditional sentence is a sentence that used to make presuppositions to the expectations, desires, plans, and others that might still happen, or suppositions contrary to the fact at this time, or a supposition that is not likely to happen. To make the research as simple as the researcher analyzes. This the concept of the conditional clause in English and /Jumlat-u syarthiyah/ in Arabic that would be analyzed by the researcher.

2.      Findings and Discussions

A.     Conditional Sentence in English

The conditional sentence, in English, is a form of sentence patterns formed by the characteristic of the prefix “if or when” and this pattern usually uses the word “if”. This sentence consists of two clauses: a dependent clause that begins the word if (or conjunction that has the same function) and main clause gives the result of the “if clause”. The Conditional is divided into three parts: Future Conditional, Present Conditional, and Past Conditional.

       1) Future Conditional

A sentence describes a great possibility that will be done in the future or the present if the certain requirement is fulfilled. The verb of the present tense is placed in a dependent clause/if clause and the future tense is used in the main clause.

If + subject + present + subject + (will, can, may, must) + verb 1

1.    ... If you conceal them and give them to the poor,... He will remove from you some of your misdeeds [thereby]. ...(QS. Al-Baqara 2: Verse 271)

2.         ... If they separate [by divorce], Allah will enrich each [of them] from His abundance.... (QS. An-Nisaa 4: Verse 130)

3.         If you avoid the major sins which you are forbidden, We will remove from you your lesser sins and admit you to a noble entrance [into Paradise]. (QS. An-Nisaa 4: Verse 31)

       2) Present Conditional 

This conditional indicates a situation does not exist or Contrary to the fact in the present or future condition. In this sentence, the past tense is used in the “if clause”, and the models (would, should, could and Might) are used in the main clause. It is usually called by a wish sentence.

If + subject + simple past + subject + (would, should could, Might) + verb 1

1.    If a wound should touch you - there has already touched the [opposing] people a wound similar to it... (QS. Aal-i-Imraan 3: Verse 140)

2.    If Allah should aid you, no one can overcome you... (QS. Aal-i-Imraan 3: Verse 160)

3.    If He should ask you for them and press you... He would expose your unwillingness." (QS. Muhammad 47: Verse 37)

       3) Past Conditional

This sentence Explains a situation which is Contrary to the fact in the past and it traditionally expresses a repentantly. The pattern of it is the past perfect tense used in the if-clause, and the past future perfect tense is used in the main clause.

If + subject + past perfect + subject + (would, should could, Might) + have + v3

1.     

              And if they had believed and feared Allah... Allah would have been [far] better... (QS. Al-Baqara 2: Verse 103)

2.      ... If they had believed in Allah and the Prophet and in what was revealed to him, they would not have taken them as allies... (QS. Al-Maaida 5: Verse 81)

3.      If We had sent down this Qur'an upon a mountain, you would have seen it humbled and coming apart from fear of Allah... (QS. Al-Hashr 59: Verse 21)

B.   Conditional Sentence in Arabic

                 The data`s of the conditional clause in Arabic are founded in the Qur`an. It could be categorized into three parts in accordance with the classifications of jumlah assyartiyah. The types are: In, Lau and Idza.

1)      Adat Syartiyah of In

          The letter of In is one of `amil that can change two verbs to be Jazm. This amils of “In” shows the meaning of syartiyah which shows the meaning that should be linked to one case with other cases, it is called by Fiil syarath and jawab of syarath. Fiil syarath and jawab of syarath have four forms: the first, both of them are fii`il madhi or both in the form of fi`il mudhori` or both are different, which is once the form is fi`il madhi and the other being fi`il mudhari.

(a)     Both of the verb forms are fi`il madhi (Past Tense)

                 Both of fi`il madhi of this category are used for fi`il syarath and jawab of syarath. Both of fi`il madhi forms that found in the Qur`an are:

Table 1

Jawab of syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Adat Syarath	Verse	Surah
Ÿxsù- ‘@ÏtrB ¼ã&s! .`ÏB ߉÷èt/	$ygs)¯=sÛ-	bÎ)	230	Al-Baqarah

(b)   Both of the verb forms are fi`il mudhori` (present or continuous)

  Both of fi`il mudhori` of this category are used for fi`il syarath and jawab of syarath. Both of fi`il mudhori` forms that found in the Qur`an are:

Table 2`

Jawab of syarath (Fiil Mudhori`)	Syarath (Fiil Mudhori`)	Adat Syarath	Verse	Surah
}‘Ïd$£JÏèÏZsù-	(#r߉ö6è?- ÏM»s%y‰¢Á9$#	bÎ)	271	Al-Baqarah

    (c)    Fi`il syarath; fi`il madhi and jawab of syarath; fi`il mudhori`

This part is using a fi`il madhi as a syarath and fi`il mudhori` as a jawab of syarath. Fi`il madhi and fi`il mudhori` forms that found in the Qur`an are:

Table 3

Jawab of syarath (Fiil Mudhori`i)	Syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Adat Syarath	Verse	Surah
Ÿxsù- ‘@ÏtrB ¼ã&s!	$ygs)¯=sÛ-	bÎ)	230	Al-Baqarah

(d)      Syarath is as fi`il Mudhori (present or continuous) and jawab is as madhi (Past Tense)

This last part is using a fi`il mudhori` as a syarath and fi`il madhi as a jawab of syarath. Fi`il madhi and fi`il mudhori` forms that found in the Qur`an are:

Table 4

Jawab of syarath (Fiil Mudhori`)	Syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Adat Syarath	Verse	Surah
$£JÏèÏZsù- }‘Ïd	(#r߉ö6è?- ÏM»s%y‰¢Á9$#	bÎ)	271	Al-Baqarah

2)      Adat Syartiyah of Lau/ لَوْ

لَوْ is the letter of syarath that usually becomes a madhi, and few of verb that indicates the time of Mustaqbal, but still acceptable. Therefore, after collecting data, the writer found two kinds of a sentence of syarthiyah. They are fi`il madhi and fi`il mudhori`.

(a)   Fiil Madhi (Past Tense)

In the letter of لَوْ syarthiyah, the writer found some data in the Qur`an by Yusuf Ali that becomes a fi`il madhi (Past Tense) and found in the different surah and verses. They are:

Table 5

Jawab of syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Adat Syarath	Verse	Surah
§NèO Ÿw šcr߉Ågs† $|‹Ï9ur	tAÌ“Ré& Ïmø‹s9Î)	لَوْ	81	Al-Maaidah

لَوْ As-syartiyah is like  إِنَّ As-Syartiyah, specifically, both of them entered in the verbal sentence but sometimes  أَنَّ comes after the letter of لَو. The writer found some data in the Qur`an by Yusuf Ali that becomes a fi`il madhi (Past Tense) and found in the different surah and verses. They are:

Table 6

Jawab of syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Adat Syarath	Verse	Surah
×pt/qèVyJs9 ô`ÏiB ωYÏã «!$# ׎öyz	(#qãZtB#uä (#öqs)¨?$#ur	لَوْ أَنَّ	103	Al-Baqarah

(b)   Fi`il Mudhori` (Present or Future)

The letter of لَوْ syarthiyah is not only found in fi`il madhi but also it is found in fi`il mudhori` form. The writer found some data in the Qur`an by Yusuf Ali that becomes a Fi`il Mudhori` (Present or Future) and it found in the different surahs and verses. They are:

Table 7

Jawab of syarath (Fiil Mudhori`)	Syarath (Fiil Mudhori`)	Adat Syarath	Verse	Surah
¼çmtF÷ƒr&t©9- $Yèϱ»yz %YæÏd‰|ÁtF•B ô`ÏiB ÏpuŠô±yz «!$# 4	$uZø9t“Rr&- #x‹»yd tb#uäöà)ø9$# 4’n?tã 9@t6y_	لَوْ	21	Al-Hashr

In the fi`il mudhori`, لَوْ syartiyah is entered in the verbal sentence but sometimes it, أَنَّ, comes after the letter of لَو. The writer found some data in the Qur`an by Yusuf Ali that becomes a Fi`il Mudhori` (Present or Future) and it found in the different surahs and verses. They are:

Table 8

Jawab of syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Adat Syarath	Verse	Surah
×(#qè=Ÿ2V{- `ÏB óOÎgÏ%öqsù `ÏBur ÏMøtrB OÎgÎ=ã_ö‘r&	(öNåk¨Xr&- (#qãB$s%r& sp1u‘öq­G9$# Ÿ@‹ÅgUM}$#ur !$tBur tAÌ“Ré& NÍköŽs9Î) `ÏiB öNÍkÍh5§‘	لَوْ أَنَّ	66	Al-Maaidah

3)      Adat Syartiyah of Idza/ إِذَا

إِذَا Zharfiyyah Syarthiyyah is إِذَا that has the meaning of future tense and some of it, it is followed by fi’il Madhi after but sometimes it is also followed by fi’il Mudhari. إذا Zharfiyyah Syarthiyyah needs two sentences to fulfill its sentence, the first sentence is usually called by if-clause and the second is the result condition and it is usually followed by the letter of  “Fa” before.

(a)      Fi`il Madhi

Jawab of syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Adat Syarath	Verse	Surah
× - `øón=t6sù £`ßgn=y_r&	(-  Läêø)¯=sÛ uä!$|¡ÏiY9$#	إِذَا	231	Al- Baqarah

(b)   Fi`il Mudhori`

Jawab of syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Syarath (Fiil Madhi)	Adat Syarath	Verse	Surah
× - m»uZù=yèy_ %[`%y`é&	(ö ä!$t±nSn	إِذَا	70	Al-Waqiah

C. The similarities and differences

For the similar form between English and Arabic could be analyzed from the structure of the sentence. For the similar of the structure between English and Arabic could be analyzed from the grammatical that has three main types, many particles. English has three types of “conditional if‟ sentences, but it is divided into two kinds. It is the unreal conditional and the real conditional. The unreal conditional if‟ is translated as لَوْ in Arabic, whereas the real conditional if‟is translated as    إِذَا  and إِنْ, In addition, Conditionals is as hypothetical and come in an if-clause and the main clause. While in English, it comes as the main clause and a subordinate clause. Both of them are same, it just has different mentioning.

While the different form between English and Arabic conditional clause could be analyzed from two points. The first is a positional relation, the different of words between English and Arabic could be seen from the verb and kinds of conditionals markers. For instance, in Arabic, the kind of condition is determined by the use of various conditional markers, while in English, the sequence of the verb forms determines the kind of condition. Additionally, the other difference in English and Arabic is English conditional sentence types have three verbs (should be and had) that can be replaced by the particle “if”, but Arabic does not have these verbs, though command verb can be used in Arabic. In English, the auxiliary verb “were” is usually used in type two.

2.        Conclusion

A conditional sentence is a sentence that used to make presuppositions to the expectations, desires, plans, and others that might still happen, or suppositions contrary to the fact at this time, or a supposition that is not likely to happen and containing a construction of Protasis and Adopsis. Protasis is a sentence containing a condition or /Syarth-u/ while Adopsis that is a line saying the answer or outcome of a condition or /jawaab-u al-syarth-i/ where these words that will express something would be caused by the condition (clause terms) of the foregoing, Haywood (1962: 290). The similarities and the differences of the conditional clause are divided into three categories: 1) Similar to the structure, 2) Different from positional relation, and 3) different from the meaning.

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